The Linear Model of Innovation: The Historical Construction of an Analytical Framework
Item
Title
The Linear Model of Innovation: The Historical Construction of an Analytical Framework
Abstract/Description
One of the first (conceptual) frameworks developed for understanding the relation of science and technology to the economy has been the linear model of innovation. The model postulated that innovation starts with basic research, is followed by applied research and development, and ends with production and diffusion. The precise source of the model remains nebulous, having never been documented. Several authors who have used, improved, or criticized the model in the past fifty years rarely acknowledged or cited any original source. The model usually was taken for granted. According to others, however, it comes directly from V. Bush’s Science: The Endless Frontier ([1945] 1995). This article traces the history of the linear model, suggesting that it developed in three steps corresponding to three scientific communities looking at science analytically. The article argues that statistics is a main reason the model is still alive despite criticisms, alternatives, and having been proclaimed dead.
Author/creator
Date
In publication
Volume
31
Issue
6
Pages
639-667
Resource type
Background/Context
Medium
Print
Background/context type
Historical
Conceptual
Open access/free-text available
Yes
Peer reviewed
Yes
ISSN
0162-2439
Citation
Godin, B. (2006). The Linear Model of Innovation: The Historical Construction of an Analytical Framework. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 31(6), 639–667. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243906291865
Resource status/form
Published Text
Scholarship genre
Theoretical
Historical
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